A Token Economy That Supports Both Behavior and Math Skills

A Token Economy That Supports Both Behavior and Math Skills A Point System is a token economy that gives focuses to the practices or scholastic undertakings that you need to fortify either for an understudies IEP, or to oversee or improve focused on practices. Focuses are doled out to those liked (substitution) practices and remunerated on a progressing premise to your understudies. Token Economiesâ support conduct and instruct youngsters to concede delight. It is one of a few strategies that can bolster great conduct. A point framework to compensate conduct makes a goal, execution based framework that can be direct to control. A Point framework is a viable method to oversee a fortification program for understudies in independent projects, however can likewise be utilized to help conduct in an incorporation setting. You will need to have your point framework work on two levels: one that objectives explicit practices of a youngster with an IEP, and another that covers the social desires for the general homeroom, as a device for study hall the board. Executing a Point System Distinguish the practices that you need to increment or lessening. These can be Academic Behaviors (finishing assignments, execution in perusing or math) Social Behavior (Saying thank you to peers, standing by persistently for turns, and so forth.) or Classroom Survival Skills (Staying in your seat, lifting a hand for authorization to speak.Its best to confine the quantity of practices you need to perceive from the start. Theres no explanation you cannot include a conduct every week for a month, however you might need to grow the expense of the compensations as the likelihood to win focuses expands.Determine the things, exercises or benefits that can be earned by the focuses. More youthful understudies might be progressively persuaded for favored things or little toys. More established understudies might be progressively intrigued by benefits, particularly benefits that give that youngster perceivability and along these lines consideration from their peers.Pay regard for what your un derstudies want to do in their leisure time. You can likewise utilize a prize menu, to find your understudies inclinations. Simultaneously, be set up to include things as your understudies reinforcers may change. Settle on the quantity of focuses earned for every conduct, and the time period for winning prizes or gaining an outing to the prize box. You may likewise need to make a time period for the conduct: a half hour of perusing bunch liberated from interference might be useful for five or ten points.Determine the reinforcer costs. What number of focuses for every reinforcer? You need to make certain to require more focuses for progressively attractive reinforcers. You may likewise need some little reinforcers that understudies could acquire each day.Create a Classroom Bank or another strategy for recording aggregated focuses. You may have the option to make an understudy the investor, however you need to work in some discouragement to extortion. Pivoting the job is one way. On the off chance that your understudies have frail scholastic aptitudes (rather than Emotionally Impaired understudies) you or your homeroom assistant may direct the fortification program.Decide how focuses will be co nveyed. Focuses should be conveyed ceaselessly and unpretentiously, following the fitting, target conduct. Conveyance techniques may include:Poker chips: White chips were two focuses, blue chips were five focuses, and red chips were ten focuses. I granted two focuses for being discovered being acceptable, and five focuses were useful for finishing assignments, returning schoolwork, and so forth. Toward the finish of the period, they tallied their focuses and remunerated them. After 50 or 100 focuses they could exchange them for a prize: either a benefit (utilization of my CD players during free labor for a week) or a thing from my fortune chest.A record sheet on the understudies work area: Use a particular shaded pen to maintain a strategic distance from counterfeiting.A day by day record on a clipboard: This would be best for small kids who might either lose the chips or not have the option to help with record keeping: the instructor can record their day by day focuses on a class d iagram by the day's end/period.Plastic cash used to show checking: This would be extraordinary for a gathering that is gaining cash tallying aptitudes. In this framework, one penny would rise to one point. Disclose the framework to your understudies. Make certain to show the framework, clarifying it altogether. You might need to make a banner that unequivocally names the ideal conduct and the quantity of focuses for each behavior.Accompany focuses with social acclaim. Adulating understudies will combine acclaim with the fortification and improve the probability that acclaim alone will increment focused on behaviors.Use adaptability while controlling your point framework. Youll need to strengthen each example of the objective conduct to begin yet might need to spread it out over various events. Start with 2 focuses for every event and increment it to 5 focuses for each 4 events. Additionally focus on which things are liked, as inclinations may change after some time. After some time you can include or change target practices, as you change the support calendar and reinforcers.

Climate Change And Creating Climate Refugees Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Change And Creating Climate Refugees Environmental Sciences Essay Presentation 1.1 Background The world is experiencing an expansive arrangement of worldwide changes, similar to changes in populace thickness, atmosphere, asset use, land use, biodiversity, and urbanization and globalization forms. Environmental change is one of the drivers of worldwide change, which has throughout the years been gotten solid concentration by researchers, arrangement creators and pioneers of the world (Vitousek, 1994). At present environmental change is considered as rising worldwide danger that actuates physical ecological effects as well as influences the social structures, financial variables and the general improvement process (Birkmann, 2010). This rising danger has presented another social network named Climate Refugee particularly for the influenced creating countries. The UN at present expresses that a greater number of exiles are uprooted by natural disasters than wars, and the quantity of the atmosphere displaced person is in excess of 25 million which is probably going to get 50 mill ion in coming decades (Meyers, 2002). Out of those 25 million individuals around 10 million are from Africa who are straightforwardly influenced by the environmental change by means of dry spells. The second biggest gathering is from waterfront zones of Asian nations, who are influenced by catastrophic events like typhoons, storm floods, floods, saltiness and dry seasons (Anon, 2010). The total impacts of environmental change fuel food and water frailty, loss of biodiversity and biological system, ecological corruption and human uncertainty through social clash, political clash and savagery in the influenced creating nations (Adger and Kelly, 1999). Henceforth, the financial structures are sabotaged in these nations where the influenced individuals are constrained to switch over occupations for job. These are the individuals who can no longer guarantee a made sure about employment in their starting point of staying (Mayers, 2002). Along with environmental change impacts, populace pressure issue and in-your-face destitution have initiated a remarkable change in the entire monetary structure of these nations. Therefore, these nations are experienced incessant financial imbalance and social unsteadiness (Barnett, 2007). Bangladesh frequently makes top news everywhere throughout the world. Nonetheless, in contrast to most different nations, it isn't a direct result of governmental issues however for destroying regular fiascoes causing tremendous losses of life and enormous demolition. This South Asian LDC, since her autonomy in 1971, has been battling with various financial and socio-political issues, for example, quick populace development, neediness, ignorance, sex divergence, slow monetary development, institutional idleness, political insecurity, brutality, etc. Yet, from most recent two decades she began battling with another issue the antagonistic impacts of environmental change as cataclysmic events (Miliband, 2009). In the course of the most recent two decades these catastrophes have become normal marvels contributed hopeless enduring to a large number of occupants who are helpless against the climatic stuns (GoB, 2005). As such, atmosphere hazard for Bangladesh is moderately higher than most different nations of the world. The Global Climate Risk Index arranged by Germanwatch shows that Bangladesh is at top of the positioning of most influenced nations by climatic extraordinary occasions in the course of the most recent two decades. Table 1.1 shows the general positioning made by Germanwatch. Table 1.1 Long term Climate Risk Index (CRI) for most influenced nations for period 1990-2008 CRI 1990-2008 Nation CRI Score Demise toll* Passings/thousand* Absolute looses in million US$ PPP* Misfortunes per GDP in %* 1 Bangladesh 8.00 8,241 6.27 2,189 1.81 2 Myanmar 8.25 4,522 9.60 707 2.55 3 Honduras 12.00 340 5.56 660 3.37 4 Vietnam 18.83 466 0.64 1,525 1.31 5 Nicaragua 21.00 164 3.37 211 2.03 6 Haiti 22.83 335 4.58 95 1.08 7 India 25.83 3,255 0.33 6,132 0.38 8 Dominican Republic 27.58 222 2.93 191 0.45 9 Philippines 27.67 799 1.11 544 0.30 10 China 28.58 2,023 0.17 25,961 0.78 * Annual Source: Germanwatch, 2010 that the most well-known debacles are flood and violent wind. Late IPCC appraisal reports (TAR, 2001 and AR4, 2007) likewise uncover that in the course of the most recent two decades both of the previously mentioned fiasco occasions have gotten increasingly visit and destroying for Bangladesh. It is found out from IPCC reports that 5-10% speed up is very likOn premise of previously mentioned table, it is anything but difficult to capture why Bangladesh was refered to various events in COP15 held in Copenhagen in 2009. At present this nation is bound to uncovered towards climatic outrageous occasions than a large portion of the nations on the planet (UNFCCC, 2009). These occasions, in type of cataclysmic events extend from attacking twisters to annihilating floods (Muhammad, 2007). Following Table 1.2 gives a general thought on most destroying fiascos happened in Bangladesh since mid twentieth century. This table shows Table 1.2 Disaster-sign in Bangladesh since mid 1900s Debacles Time Debacles Time Pestilence 1918 Violent wind 24-5-1985 Dry season 1943 Flood 22-7-1987 Violent wind October 1942 Flood August 1987 Typhoon 28-5-1963 Flood June 1988 Typhoon May 1965 Typhoon 29-4-1991 Typhoon June 1965 Typhoon 15-5-1995 Flood July 1968 Flood 5-7-1998 Typhoon 12-11-1970 Flood September 2000 Flood July 1974 Flood 20-6-2004 Dry spell July 1983 Typhoon 15-11-2007 Flood May 1984 Typhoon 27-05-2009 Source: EMDAT likely during the typhoon season in Bangladesh that would inevitably upgrade storm flood and seaside flooding, while 10-20% increments of wind force can cause floods both in coast and inlands as the tornado makes land fall (Agarwala, 2003). It has been evaluated that an expansion of 2â ° C temperature and a 0.3 m ocean level ascent would cause a violent wind in the costal belt of Bangladesh as solid as tornado of 1991; besides, such a typhoon is probably going to bring about a 1.5 m higher tempest flood that may immerse 20% more land than 1991 twister (Ali, 1996). The latest case of costal twister as conceivable impact of environmental change is SIDR which battered the seaside belt in Bangladesh on fifteenth November 2007. The breeze speed was around 220 to 240 km/hour and in any event 3,113 individuals were known dead and more than 10,000 were feeling the loss of; the harm because of this calamity had been around US$ 2.3 million (EMDAT, 2009). The power of SIDR was at the very leas t the 1991 twister in some piece of the seaside territories and the effect was significantly more than that. Moreover, on 27th May 2009, another overwhelming typhoon named AILA hit the South-western piece of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India, which exacerbated the languishing over the influenced individuals in Bangladesh; albeit an early admonition framework empowered the clearing of an expected 2.7 million individuals to higher ground and tornado cover houses (BBC, 2009). It is anticipated that a solitary meter ascent of ocean level would immerse over 18% of the beach front belt and will influence 11% of the complete countrys populace. Two-third of the entire nation is just 10 m over the ocean level; along these lines, around 13 million of the absolute populace may liable to be destitute and become ecological displaced people as the survivor of atmosphere evolving process (Huq et al, 1999). Khulna and Barisal, the costal divisions of Bangladesh are generally calamity inclined, wh ere about 3.2 million individuals are in danger and around one-eighth of the countrys rural terrains and in excess of 8,000 correspondence systems are probably going to be influenced because of environmental change impacts (Parvin, 2010). 1.2 Statement of the issue Around 33% of the domain of Bangladesh is delimited as beach front regions which are joined of unmistakable chances, broadened dangers and vulnerabilities (HarunOrRashid, 2009). It is on the grounds that seaside zones have diverse geo-physical and natural qualities that recognize the waterfront zone from rest of the nation. These particular attributes are exchange of tidal system, saltiness in soil and water, tornado and tempest flood; with financial and social ramifications on the populace (PDO-ICZMP, 2003). Henceforth, such indistinguishable geo-physical example has presented a totally unique occupation design, where individuals are engaged with chosen beach front financial exercises like angling, salt creation, fry assortment from the ocean and asset assortment from the contiguous mangrove woodland (Ahmed, 2003, Islam, 2004). In spite of the fact that the beach front regions are substantially more prolific land for horticultural creation, these regions are moderately pay poor contrasted with the remainder of the nation. Normal per capita GDP (at current market cost) in the beach front zone was US$ 402 of every 2008, contrasted with US$ 621 for the entire nation all things considered (GoB, 2009; CDP, 2009). There are ten distinctive ethnic networks living in the waterfront zones and they have total various societies and occupation designs. Alongside the nontribal individuals, those ethnic networks totally rely upon the waterfront regular assets for their occupation (Kamal, 2001). Their hopelessness and dream, predicament and battle, helplessness and versatility are remarkably spun round in a complex natural and social setting which make their jobs unmistakable from different pieces of the nation to a significant degree. The Government of Bangladesh has just perceived seaside zone as territories of colossal possibilities. Interestingly, these zones are falling behind in financial turn of events and defenseless against various cataclysmic events and natural debasement (Sevaraju, 2006). For a LDC like Bangladesh where the environmental change takes a state of catastrophic event not just influences the financial state of beach front networks yet in addition frustrates acquiring an ideal GDP development (ADPC, 2007). Environmental change represents a huge danger for Bangladesh, especially the anticipated environmental change impacts incorporate ocean level ascent, higher temperature, improved rainstorm precipitation and run-off

Retrospective

Retrospective When I walked out of my last final, all I felt was a huge sensation of relief. I kept thinking Thank God its over and Ive waited forever for this day to come, for this year to end. But now, a large part of me really wishes I were still a freshman and not a sophomore. It feels strange to no longer be among the babies of the school, to be replaced by the 14s, and to hear about prospective 15s, not to mention a few ambitious 18s =P I could describe this past year simply as a learning experience, but that doesnt do any justice to the individual ups and downs Ive been through this past year. So instead, Im going to start at the very beginning of freshman year and run through it all :) ~*~ Part I: Pre-Orientation Several of you 14s are looking into FPOPs (Freshman Pre-Orientation Programs) right now, and some of you might even be done filling out your apps. For those of you who havent applied already, I strongly recommend that you do! The FPOP that I did was DUSP (Discover Urban Studies and Planning haha, yeah, I know too many acronyms), which was essentially a three-day exploration of Boston. My first choice FPOP was actually DBCS (Discover Brain and Cognitive Sciences) but DUSP ended up being a lot of fun! My favorite part was when we went to the very top of the Prudential Center and got to look out on the entire city: Fenway Park I love Boston Part II: Orientation Following pre-orientation was, of course, orientation. Our theme was Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, and we had three wonderful Orientation Coordinators: Orientation was basically a more laid-back version of CPW, with just as much fun but a little more time to enjoy everything. A couple of my friends and I got to go apple-picking: And enjoy views like this: Part III: Fall Semester One of the most memorable events in 18.02 (Multivariable Calculus) took place the day just before our first midterm (photo credit to Carin 13): The midterm will be unlike the homework in that the problems will be solvable thanks, Professor! :) To be fair, he wasnt kidding; the midterms were significantly more doable than the problem sets, which often took me a few days and some visits to TAs office hours. 5.112 (Principles of Chem) problem sets tended to take a little less time and 8.01 (Physics I) didnt assign problem sets at all. That might have been a bad thing though, since the class average on our 8.01 final exam was around a 50heh. First semester, many of us did our homework in groups before we figured out that we ended up taking more study breaks than actually doing work, haha: Photo Booth = Awesome Study Break: Hear No Evil, See No Evil, Speak No Evil! Oh and we got to see a real Nobel Prize: And have some fun with garba at Milan, an event organized by MIT SAAS (South Asian American Society): It was with deep sadness that I bid farewell to first semester and the safety net that is Pass/No Record :( Part IV: Winter Break + IAP I spent some time during winter break, wandering about Disney World and repping MIT with my hoodie: On the Kali River Rapids, in Disneys Animal Kingdom And then proceeded to return to MIT for my EMT class, from which was born the following photo: And the following birthday surprise: And the following adaptation of Taylor Swifts Love Story: Despite the long classroom hours, choosing to take the IAP EMT class was one of the best decisions Ive made in my life. Also were getting a new stretcher! And itll have a button to lower/lift it! Which means my biceps and triceps wont fail me anymore! YAY! Yes, Im excited in case you couldnt tell. Part V: Spring Semester While much of this semester was cold, some warm weather eventually came our way, and we took full advantage of it. There was Holi the Indian festival of colors: And classes that took place outside: And chairs that somehow found their way to the top of Kresge Auditorium: And all of this was mixed in with some good old organic chemistry, complete with Mv?bius strips Ive come to know and love: The birth of a Mv?bius strip right before our very eyes! I actually think 5.12 (Organic Chemistry) and not 21W.755 (Reading and Writing Short Stories), as I wrote in a previous entry was my most enjoyable class this past semester. Not the least because there was a 5.12 poetry competition, from which one of my favorite excerpts is the following, from We Didnt Start Reactions (inspired by Billy Joels We Didnt Start the Fire) by Maita 13. (Warning: some knowledge of organic chemistry may be required): P-sets twenty pages long, my carbon count is all wrong Nanobeaver, Newman, retroanalysis Solvents, selectivity, prediction of stability Mechanisms, structures, design a synthesis Curved arrows, enantiomers, draw all the isomers Transition state, conjugate, gauche, anti, mesylate Enols can tautomerize, radicals polymerize Who won that Nobel Prize? It’s all too much to memorize! :D Part VI: Post-Finals Euphoria and Home ‚ô• When finals ended, it was liberating but also surreal to be done, to pack, and to see my once-full room like this: And now, Im at home loving summer, missing MIT people, and getting ready to go to Germany (more on that later :D )