Crime And Social Control Theory Essay - 1712 Words

Social control theory refers the ideas that society is responsible for maintaining law abiding citizens and/or producing deviant behavior (Hagan, 2016). The textbook generalizes that social control theories â€Å"view crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). This is concluded by the theories of four theorists – Walter Reckless, Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, and John Hagan – who investigated and theorized different philosophies that explain the relationship between crime and social control (Hagan, 2016). Reckless’s theory of containment is one of the most prominent and earliest models of social control theory (Hagan, 2016). Reckless theorized â€Å"that individuals have various social controls (containments) that assist them in resisting pressures that draw them toward criminality† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). This theory holds that social factors and external or internal pressures influence i ndividuals to either abide by the law or produce criminality (Hagan, 2016). A second theory is Hirschi’s social bond theory that states â€Å"delinquency takes place when a person’s bonds to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing personal stakes in conformity† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). Hirschi posited that the bonds consist of four components: Commitment, belief, involvement, and attachment (Hagan, 2016). Commitment refers to an individual’s responsibilities, such as a job or providing for a family (Hagan, 2016). It states â€Å"if an individualShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Crime : Strain, Social Control And Life Course1082 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 7: Radicalizing Orthodox Theories of Crime: Strain, Social Control and Life Course Strain theory is described as the cause of crime due to the social class or environment in which a person grows up in. In our society, people strive to obtain wealth, education, materialistic possessions and power. Due to the environment lower social class people are born into, they are unable to obtain these aspirations through legal means. Feelings of frustration lead to strain and can cause these peopleRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And How It Is Social Control Theory, Labeling, And Crime Essay2360 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and How it Relates to Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime Pat Akers Howard Payne University Abstract This paper explores three topics (Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime) and explores how they relate through Juvenile Delinquency. Social Control Theory is what occurs when young adults do not have a good foundational upbringing from their parents and as such, they will tend to stray into more deviant behaviorsRead MoreTim Hirschi’s Social Control Theory in Crime and Punishment in Suburbia1774 Words   |  8 PagesHirschi’s Social Control Theory in Crime and Punishment in Suburbia Over the past few decades criminologists and sociologists have developed several theories in an effort to try and explain what causes some human beings to commit crimes. One of the most well-known theories that tries to explain why criminals commit crimes is called the social control or social bond theory developed by a theorist named Travis Hirschi. Hirschi also wanted to figure out why people don’t commit crimes instead ofRead MoreThe Theory And Social Control Theory1106 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping the self-control perspective on crime and social control perspective on juvenile delinquency. In his groundbreaking work, Causes of Delinquency, he argued out that an explanation for delinquency can be achieved by absence of social bonds. He also stated that delinquency could be prevented by social attachments, acceptance of social norms, recognizing the moral validity of law and involvement in conventional activities. In his other work with Michael R. Gottfredson, they defi ned crime as fraudulentRead MorePolicing Perspective: Theory and Application679 Words   |  3 PagesPolicing Perspective Theory and Application: Policing basically entails the use of a series of processes with particular social functions that makes it a necessity in any given social order. As a fundamental aspect of social order, policing can be conducted by various processes and institutional arrangements or plans. In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order, the conceptRead MoreFor All We Think We Know About Crime There Is Still Much1085 Words   |  5 Pagesknow about crime there is still much we do not. Where we find crime, we find motives and this leads to the action of committing the crime. An area that we can look at in sociology that helps explain this idea is the knowledge of control theory. This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a social perspective. It will be important to investigate what in fact control theory is, howRead MoreA Norm Is A Rule Of Behavior Of Individuals In Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagessociety or groups, Emile Durkheim sociological founder considered norms to be social factors that exist in individual’s society of independence that creates the shapes of our behaviors and thoughts (Crossman, 2017). In the terms of not having sociality without social control the society would have no function without enforcing social orders that make daily life and the complex division of labor possible (Crossman, 2017). Social order is produced by ongoing life longs process of socialization that individualRead MoreThe Social Control Theory And Social Learning Theory1713 Words   |  7 Pagesperception has come from, many have created theories about the topic while others have combined theories to get a better insight. The reason behind this is to create a better understanding as to why people commit crimes. With all the the ories that seem to be possible, two of them seem to be the most popular: social control theory and social learning theory. Although they have their similarities and differences, the social control theory and social learning theory bring a better understanding to the worldRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Justice System1544 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history we have seen many theories being implemented in the criminal justice system. People come in and try to set in something new that they think will improve the overall performance of the criminal justice system. To fully understand how theories work, it is critical to first be fully aware of what theories actually are. A theory is a set of interrelated variables formed into hypothesis, that specify a relationship among variables. Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all theRead MoreDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 PagesAn integrated theory merges concepts, but it does not atte mpt to explain all criminal behavior from different concepts or assumptions. The difference between integrated theory and holistic theory is it does not attempt to explain all criminal behavior, but a holistic (general) theory of crime attempts to explain all forms of criminal behavior through a single approach.There are four examples of a holistic (general) theory of crime John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration, Gottfredson

The Schelling Segregation Model - 2259 Words

Introduction In this essay, I aim to show that given Carl Hempel’s (1942) deductive-nomological (DN) theory of explanation and Bas C. van Fraassen’s (1980) pragmatic theory of explanation, Schelling only partially explains neighbourhood segregation, because multiple causal factors and background conditions ought to be taken into account. I will first outline how Schelling explains neighbourhood segregation, and then discuss the following aspects to show my conclusion: 1. Schelling’s model in the context of the DN theory of explanation 2. Schelling’s model in the context of the pragmatic theory of explanation 3. How to explain neighbourhood segregation†¦ An emphasis will be placed on the first and second to allow more thorough†¦show more content†¦To make room for newcomers and to resolve issues of empty units, Schelling assumes that individuals adhere to the â€Å"rule of movement† . This rule implies that innocuous individual preferences characterised by assumption (vi) will give rise to a gradual distribution of a spatial phenomenon: the population in groups A and B start to separate out. Schelling identifies this separation between groups A and B as a â€Å"stable equilibrium† . For an illustration, consider Schelling’s two-dimensional model below: Figure 1 justifies Schelling’s theory, in that seemingly innocuous individual preferences – a person’s desire for same-colour neighbours, and reluctance to be in the minority – can trigger changes in a system from one stable equilibrium to another, and hence result in neighbourhood segregation. However, many scholars further articulate Schelling’s model under different circumstances with focuses ranging from the dynamics of movement to the population densities of local mixed neighbourhoods. The following point is worth noting. It is unclear why individuals often decide to swap locations given that one is free to leave the neighbourhood at any time. In response, an added premise to Schelling’s initial assumptions is required. In Zhang’s Schelling-type checkerboard model, he shows that individuals decide to swap locations on the basis of their own â€Å"payoffs† . Given that individuals of groups A and B can compromise on a mutually advantageousShow MoreRelatedRace Preference And Outgroups Avoidance1228 Words   |  5 PagesRacial segregation exists because people tend to choose congregate near individuals that they share common characteristics with. On the other hand, others tend to avoid individuals that have different characteristics with them. Either way, the end result of individual choice is racial segregation. I will explain the two main concepts of residential individual choice by defining same race preference and outgroups avoidance. Then, I will provide evidence on how same r ace preference and outgroup avoidanceRead MoreGentrification Of The Downtown Corridors1302 Words   |  6 PagesAddresses segregation in American cities from 1890 to 1990. He notes that the ghettos of the city were created from 1890 to 1940 with large black migratory populations to the urban centers. Vigdor addresses the way segregation took place, the collective action against racism, decentralized racism was another theory for why ghettos were maintained through white racism and enforced by whites’ decision to live with other whites. The ‘tipping’ model is reintroduced. The tipping theory by Schelling (1972)Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagessocially unjust and dangerous, and there is no justification for racial discrimination, in theory or in practice, anywhere. In history, racism was a driving force behind conquest and the Transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid. Practices and ideologies of racism are universally condemned by the United Nations in the Declaration of Human Rights. It has also been aRead MoreAgent Based Models ( Abm )2005 Words   |  9 PagesAgents Based Models (ABM) - Introduction to ABM A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problemRead MoreAgent Based Models ( Abm )2001 Words   |  9 PagesBased Models (ABM) A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problem. Therefore, models usuallyRead MoreAthletes drafted into World War II1456 Words   |  6 Pagesfootball with the Honolulu Bears but the season was cut short when the United States enter the war. During Robison training period he was arrested for not sitting in the back of the bus with his segregated color. His courage and moral objection to segregation was very important to the way he handled and impacted major league baseball (â€Å"About Jackie Robison). Due to his hard attitude Robison became the most famous African American to play ever in the white man game of baseball during this time. RobisonRead MoreHealth Risk Behaviors : Binge Drinking And Binge Eating Occurred On Young Adults At Age 18-24.2713 Words   |  11 Pagesand friendship networks. By dividing the friendship network into online social network and real-life friendship network, the research extends literature on the irrational decision making along with social interactions. In particular, the research models choices taking the social network as given. In the context of researching on irrational health-related behaviors, this paper also provides the rationale of addiction in both perspectives of standard economic theory and behavioral factors. The empirical

Accounting And Auditing Processes Essay Example For Students

Accounting And Auditing Processes Essay Justin DenmanAccounting and Auditing ProcessesMarch 4, 2000Writing Assignment #1Revenue Recognition PoliciesThe purpose of this paper is to compare the revenue recognition policies of two companies in the search, detection, navigation, guidance, and aeronautical systems industry. The two companies I have selected are Aerosonic Corporation, and Esco Electronics Company. Esco Electronics Company is engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and support of engineered products. These products are used principally in filteration/fluid flow applications, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, and electric utility communications and control systems. The filtration/fluid flow and EMC testing products are supplied to a broad base of industrial and commercial customers worldwide. At the present time, electric utility communications systems are marketed primarily to customers in North America. The four primary industry segments of Esco are Filtration/Fluid Flow, Test, Communications, and other. In order for Esco to conform with generally accepted accounting principles, management must make careful estimates in preparing the financial statements. These estimates are for anticipated contract costs and revenues earned during the life of the contract. These amounts affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities on the companys financial statements. Actual results could differ from these numbers. Revenues are recognized on commercial sales when products are shipped or when services are performed. Revenue on production contracts are recorded when specific contract terms are fulfilled. These amounts are determined either by the units of production or delivery methods. Revenues from cost reimbursement contracts are recorded as costs are incurred, plus fees earned. Revenue under long-term contracts in which the previous two methods are inappropriate, the percentage-of-completion method is used. Revenue under engineering contracts are generally recognized as certain milestones are attained. The percentage-of-completion method recognizes a portion of the estimated gross profit for each period based on progress to date. Progress to date is based on three factors. These three factors are the costs incurred to date, the most recent estimate of the projects total cost, and the most recent gross profit percentage. Progress to date is assumed to be the proportion of the projects costs incurred to date divided by total estimated costs. This fraction is known as the estimated percentage of completion, and is the estimated percentage of completion. However, he biggest flaw with this method is that it only deals with costs. This means that there may not be strong correlation between physical progress and costs incurred. Conceptually, one would want to match revenues when the earnings process is judged to be complete. Since costs dont necessarily mean physical completion, the revenues may not represent actual completion. However, this method does match all revenues with appropriate expenses. The audit risks associated with this method is that cost incurrence could be accelerated to increase the estimate of the percentage completed. Lets say Esco is performing a three-year contract. For simplicity, lets say the contract price is $1000. The first year of the contract, actual costs incurred to date is $200, and the estimated remaining costs is $400. This would call for a projected $400 gross profit on the entire project ($1000-$600). To figure out the gross profit for the first year, you would take the actual costs to date ($200) and divide that by the estimated total cost ($600). This equals the estimated percentage of completion (33%). You would then take this number and multiply it by the total project gross profit (33%*$400), and that would be the gross profit earned to date. In subsequent years, you would take the profit earned to date and subtract from it the gross profit recognized in previous years. .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .postImageUrl , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:visited , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:active { border:0!important; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:active , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reflecting on Culture and Arts EssayThe next company Id like to talk about is Aerosonic Corporation, who is in the same industry as Esco. The primary business of Aerosonic Corporation is to manufacture and sell aircraft instruments to government and commercial users from its plants in Florida, Virginia, and Kansas. Prior to 1996, the company also sold non-munitions components for artillery projectiles to the U.S. government and automotive and truck parts to commercial customers. The companys customers are worldwide. Aerosonic generally recognizes revenue from sales of its products on the accrual basis on the date such products are shipped. In certain circumstances, the U.S. government accepts title of products, even though the products are on the Companys premises. When the U.S. government accepts title in writing, and assumes all risks associated with those products, then the Company records these items as sales. Like Esco, Aerosonic follows the percentage-of completion method to account for long-term engineering contracts. Revisions in costs and revenue estimates are reflected in the periods in which the revisions are made. Provisions for estimated losses are determined without regard to the percentage-of-completion. Like Esco, Aerosonics financial statements are based heavily on managements estimates. To auditors, this raises a red flag. Auditors must be careful when conducting the audits of these particular companies. It is rather easy, and conceivable for management to manipulate earnings to meet projected totals. Another important area is that a company like Aerosonic has one major customer, and that is U.S. government. Another important factor is that Aerosonic recognizes revenue when title transfers to the government. Since the two parties are closely related in a business sense, Aerosonic may have the incentive to push titles of products to the government to meet target revenues. Auditors should take care in determining whether or not the financial statements conform generally accepted accounting principles.

Micro Baterial Morphology Lab free essay sample

Viewing Prepared Slides of Common Bacterial Shapes Familiarize yourself with each morphological type to use as a comparative tool for the remainder of the activity. Record your observations. Part 2: Disinfecting Your Area to Use Live Organisms: Part 3: Viewing Live Organisms – Wet Mount Preparation There was several amoeba shaped cells that varied in size. There were five somewhat darker areas that were circular in shape. There were also three large, oddly shaped areas that had very distinct edges. Part 4: Direct Staining: Slide One: There were two clusters that were fairly easy to recognize. All of the cells were cocci. Some of the cells were large while others were practically nonexistent. Slide Two: There were different layers of cells. The cells were rectangular in shape and varied in size. A nucleus was visible in each cell. Slide Three: This slide was a mixture of different shapes. Nothing was recognizable. Part 5: Indirect Staining: Chains of both cocci and bracillus cells were both visible and identifiable. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Baterial Morphology Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chains varied in length. The cheek and yeast smear was clearer. The same shapes were seen as before just with sharper outlines. The cells were much easier to see with more detail. Questions: A. What are the advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant? The disadvantages? The advantages of using 70% alcohol? The disadvantages? B. List three reasons why you might choose to stain a particular slide rather than view it as a wet mount. C. Define the following terms: †¢Chromophore: †¢Acidic Dye: †¢Basic Dye: D. What is the difference between direct and indirect staining? E. What is heat fixing? F. Why is it necessary to ensure that your specimens are completely air dried prior to heat fixing? G. Describe what you observed in your plaque smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? H. Describe what you observed in your cheek smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? I. Describe what you observed in your yeast wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? J. Were the cell types the same in all three specimen sets: yeast, plaque, and cheek? How were they similar? How were they different?