Crime And Social Control Theory Essay - 1712 Words

Social control theory refers the ideas that society is responsible for maintaining law abiding citizens and/or producing deviant behavior (Hagan, 2016). The textbook generalizes that social control theories â€Å"view crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). This is concluded by the theories of four theorists – Walter Reckless, Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, and John Hagan – who investigated and theorized different philosophies that explain the relationship between crime and social control (Hagan, 2016). Reckless’s theory of containment is one of the most prominent and earliest models of social control theory (Hagan, 2016). Reckless theorized â€Å"that individuals have various social controls (containments) that assist them in resisting pressures that draw them toward criminality† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). This theory holds that social factors and external or internal pressures influence i ndividuals to either abide by the law or produce criminality (Hagan, 2016). A second theory is Hirschi’s social bond theory that states â€Å"delinquency takes place when a person’s bonds to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing personal stakes in conformity† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). Hirschi posited that the bonds consist of four components: Commitment, belief, involvement, and attachment (Hagan, 2016). Commitment refers to an individual’s responsibilities, such as a job or providing for a family (Hagan, 2016). It states â€Å"if an individualShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Crime : Strain, Social Control And Life Course1082 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 7: Radicalizing Orthodox Theories of Crime: Strain, Social Control and Life Course Strain theory is described as the cause of crime due to the social class or environment in which a person grows up in. In our society, people strive to obtain wealth, education, materialistic possessions and power. Due to the environment lower social class people are born into, they are unable to obtain these aspirations through legal means. Feelings of frustration lead to strain and can cause these peopleRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And How It Is Social Control Theory, Labeling, And Crime Essay2360 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and How it Relates to Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime Pat Akers Howard Payne University Abstract This paper explores three topics (Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime) and explores how they relate through Juvenile Delinquency. Social Control Theory is what occurs when young adults do not have a good foundational upbringing from their parents and as such, they will tend to stray into more deviant behaviorsRead MoreTim Hirschi’s Social Control Theory in Crime and Punishment in Suburbia1774 Words   |  8 PagesHirschi’s Social Control Theory in Crime and Punishment in Suburbia Over the past few decades criminologists and sociologists have developed several theories in an effort to try and explain what causes some human beings to commit crimes. One of the most well-known theories that tries to explain why criminals commit crimes is called the social control or social bond theory developed by a theorist named Travis Hirschi. Hirschi also wanted to figure out why people don’t commit crimes instead ofRead MoreThe Theory And Social Control Theory1106 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping the self-control perspective on crime and social control perspective on juvenile delinquency. In his groundbreaking work, Causes of Delinquency, he argued out that an explanation for delinquency can be achieved by absence of social bonds. He also stated that delinquency could be prevented by social attachments, acceptance of social norms, recognizing the moral validity of law and involvement in conventional activities. In his other work with Michael R. Gottfredson, they defi ned crime as fraudulentRead MorePolicing Perspective: Theory and Application679 Words   |  3 PagesPolicing Perspective Theory and Application: Policing basically entails the use of a series of processes with particular social functions that makes it a necessity in any given social order. As a fundamental aspect of social order, policing can be conducted by various processes and institutional arrangements or plans. In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order, the conceptRead MoreFor All We Think We Know About Crime There Is Still Much1085 Words   |  5 Pagesknow about crime there is still much we do not. Where we find crime, we find motives and this leads to the action of committing the crime. An area that we can look at in sociology that helps explain this idea is the knowledge of control theory. This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a social perspective. It will be important to investigate what in fact control theory is, howRead MoreA Norm Is A Rule Of Behavior Of Individuals In Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagessociety or groups, Emile Durkheim sociological founder considered norms to be social factors that exist in individual’s society of independence that creates the shapes of our behaviors and thoughts (Crossman, 2017). In the terms of not having sociality without social control the society would have no function without enforcing social orders that make daily life and the complex division of labor possible (Crossman, 2017). Social order is produced by ongoing life longs process of socialization that individualRead MoreThe Social Control Theory And Social Learning Theory1713 Words   |  7 Pagesperception has come from, many have created theories about the topic while others have combined theories to get a better insight. The reason behind this is to create a better understanding as to why people commit crimes. With all the the ories that seem to be possible, two of them seem to be the most popular: social control theory and social learning theory. Although they have their similarities and differences, the social control theory and social learning theory bring a better understanding to the worldRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Justice System1544 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history we have seen many theories being implemented in the criminal justice system. People come in and try to set in something new that they think will improve the overall performance of the criminal justice system. To fully understand how theories work, it is critical to first be fully aware of what theories actually are. A theory is a set of interrelated variables formed into hypothesis, that specify a relationship among variables. Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all theRead MoreDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 PagesAn integrated theory merges concepts, but it does not atte mpt to explain all criminal behavior from different concepts or assumptions. The difference between integrated theory and holistic theory is it does not attempt to explain all criminal behavior, but a holistic (general) theory of crime attempts to explain all forms of criminal behavior through a single approach.There are four examples of a holistic (general) theory of crime John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration, Gottfredson

The Schelling Segregation Model - 2259 Words

Introduction In this essay, I aim to show that given Carl Hempel’s (1942) deductive-nomological (DN) theory of explanation and Bas C. van Fraassen’s (1980) pragmatic theory of explanation, Schelling only partially explains neighbourhood segregation, because multiple causal factors and background conditions ought to be taken into account. I will first outline how Schelling explains neighbourhood segregation, and then discuss the following aspects to show my conclusion: 1. Schelling’s model in the context of the DN theory of explanation 2. Schelling’s model in the context of the pragmatic theory of explanation 3. How to explain neighbourhood segregation†¦ An emphasis will be placed on the first and second to allow more thorough†¦show more content†¦To make room for newcomers and to resolve issues of empty units, Schelling assumes that individuals adhere to the â€Å"rule of movement† . This rule implies that innocuous individual preferences characterised by assumption (vi) will give rise to a gradual distribution of a spatial phenomenon: the population in groups A and B start to separate out. Schelling identifies this separation between groups A and B as a â€Å"stable equilibrium† . For an illustration, consider Schelling’s two-dimensional model below: Figure 1 justifies Schelling’s theory, in that seemingly innocuous individual preferences – a person’s desire for same-colour neighbours, and reluctance to be in the minority – can trigger changes in a system from one stable equilibrium to another, and hence result in neighbourhood segregation. However, many scholars further articulate Schelling’s model under different circumstances with focuses ranging from the dynamics of movement to the population densities of local mixed neighbourhoods. The following point is worth noting. It is unclear why individuals often decide to swap locations given that one is free to leave the neighbourhood at any time. In response, an added premise to Schelling’s initial assumptions is required. In Zhang’s Schelling-type checkerboard model, he shows that individuals decide to swap locations on the basis of their own â€Å"payoffs† . Given that individuals of groups A and B can compromise on a mutually advantageousShow MoreRelatedRace Preference And Outgroups Avoidance1228 Words   |  5 PagesRacial segregation exists because people tend to choose congregate near individuals that they share common characteristics with. On the other hand, others tend to avoid individuals that have different characteristics with them. Either way, the end result of individual choice is racial segregation. I will explain the two main concepts of residential individual choice by defining same race preference and outgroups avoidance. Then, I will provide evidence on how same r ace preference and outgroup avoidanceRead MoreGentrification Of The Downtown Corridors1302 Words   |  6 PagesAddresses segregation in American cities from 1890 to 1990. He notes that the ghettos of the city were created from 1890 to 1940 with large black migratory populations to the urban centers. Vigdor addresses the way segregation took place, the collective action against racism, decentralized racism was another theory for why ghettos were maintained through white racism and enforced by whites’ decision to live with other whites. The ‘tipping’ model is reintroduced. The tipping theory by Schelling (1972)Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagessocially unjust and dangerous, and there is no justification for racial discrimination, in theory or in practice, anywhere. In history, racism was a driving force behind conquest and the Transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid. Practices and ideologies of racism are universally condemned by the United Nations in the Declaration of Human Rights. It has also been aRead MoreAgent Based Models ( Abm )2005 Words   |  9 PagesAgents Based Models (ABM) - Introduction to ABM A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problemRead MoreAgent Based Models ( Abm )2001 Words   |  9 PagesBased Models (ABM) A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problem. Therefore, models usuallyRead MoreAthletes drafted into World War II1456 Words   |  6 Pagesfootball with the Honolulu Bears but the season was cut short when the United States enter the war. During Robison training period he was arrested for not sitting in the back of the bus with his segregated color. His courage and moral objection to segregation was very important to the way he handled and impacted major league baseball (â€Å"About Jackie Robison). Due to his hard attitude Robison became the most famous African American to play ever in the white man game of baseball during this time. RobisonRead MoreHealth Risk Behaviors : Binge Drinking And Binge Eating Occurred On Young Adults At Age 18-24.2713 Words   |  11 Pagesand friendship networks. By dividing the friendship network into online social network and real-life friendship network, the research extends literature on the irrational decision making along with social interactions. In particular, the research models choices taking the social network as given. In the context of researching on irrational health-related behaviors, this paper also provides the rationale of addiction in both perspectives of standard economic theory and behavioral factors. The empirical

Accounting And Auditing Processes Essay Example For Students

Accounting And Auditing Processes Essay Justin DenmanAccounting and Auditing ProcessesMarch 4, 2000Writing Assignment #1Revenue Recognition PoliciesThe purpose of this paper is to compare the revenue recognition policies of two companies in the search, detection, navigation, guidance, and aeronautical systems industry. The two companies I have selected are Aerosonic Corporation, and Esco Electronics Company. Esco Electronics Company is engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and support of engineered products. These products are used principally in filteration/fluid flow applications, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, and electric utility communications and control systems. The filtration/fluid flow and EMC testing products are supplied to a broad base of industrial and commercial customers worldwide. At the present time, electric utility communications systems are marketed primarily to customers in North America. The four primary industry segments of Esco are Filtration/Fluid Flow, Test, Communications, and other. In order for Esco to conform with generally accepted accounting principles, management must make careful estimates in preparing the financial statements. These estimates are for anticipated contract costs and revenues earned during the life of the contract. These amounts affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities on the companys financial statements. Actual results could differ from these numbers. Revenues are recognized on commercial sales when products are shipped or when services are performed. Revenue on production contracts are recorded when specific contract terms are fulfilled. These amounts are determined either by the units of production or delivery methods. Revenues from cost reimbursement contracts are recorded as costs are incurred, plus fees earned. Revenue under long-term contracts in which the previous two methods are inappropriate, the percentage-of-completion method is used. Revenue under engineering contracts are generally recognized as certain milestones are attained. The percentage-of-completion method recognizes a portion of the estimated gross profit for each period based on progress to date. Progress to date is based on three factors. These three factors are the costs incurred to date, the most recent estimate of the projects total cost, and the most recent gross profit percentage. Progress to date is assumed to be the proportion of the projects costs incurred to date divided by total estimated costs. This fraction is known as the estimated percentage of completion, and is the estimated percentage of completion. However, he biggest flaw with this method is that it only deals with costs. This means that there may not be strong correlation between physical progress and costs incurred. Conceptually, one would want to match revenues when the earnings process is judged to be complete. Since costs dont necessarily mean physical completion, the revenues may not represent actual completion. However, this method does match all revenues with appropriate expenses. The audit risks associated with this method is that cost incurrence could be accelerated to increase the estimate of the percentage completed. Lets say Esco is performing a three-year contract. For simplicity, lets say the contract price is $1000. The first year of the contract, actual costs incurred to date is $200, and the estimated remaining costs is $400. This would call for a projected $400 gross profit on the entire project ($1000-$600). To figure out the gross profit for the first year, you would take the actual costs to date ($200) and divide that by the estimated total cost ($600). This equals the estimated percentage of completion (33%). You would then take this number and multiply it by the total project gross profit (33%*$400), and that would be the gross profit earned to date. In subsequent years, you would take the profit earned to date and subtract from it the gross profit recognized in previous years. .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .postImageUrl , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:visited , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:active { border:0!important; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:active , .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3af8ba8443234ce78695991afefebee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reflecting on Culture and Arts EssayThe next company Id like to talk about is Aerosonic Corporation, who is in the same industry as Esco. The primary business of Aerosonic Corporation is to manufacture and sell aircraft instruments to government and commercial users from its plants in Florida, Virginia, and Kansas. Prior to 1996, the company also sold non-munitions components for artillery projectiles to the U.S. government and automotive and truck parts to commercial customers. The companys customers are worldwide. Aerosonic generally recognizes revenue from sales of its products on the accrual basis on the date such products are shipped. In certain circumstances, the U.S. government accepts title of products, even though the products are on the Companys premises. When the U.S. government accepts title in writing, and assumes all risks associated with those products, then the Company records these items as sales. Like Esco, Aerosonic follows the percentage-of completion method to account for long-term engineering contracts. Revisions in costs and revenue estimates are reflected in the periods in which the revisions are made. Provisions for estimated losses are determined without regard to the percentage-of-completion. Like Esco, Aerosonics financial statements are based heavily on managements estimates. To auditors, this raises a red flag. Auditors must be careful when conducting the audits of these particular companies. It is rather easy, and conceivable for management to manipulate earnings to meet projected totals. Another important area is that a company like Aerosonic has one major customer, and that is U.S. government. Another important factor is that Aerosonic recognizes revenue when title transfers to the government. Since the two parties are closely related in a business sense, Aerosonic may have the incentive to push titles of products to the government to meet target revenues. Auditors should take care in determining whether or not the financial statements conform generally accepted accounting principles.

Micro Baterial Morphology Lab free essay sample

Viewing Prepared Slides of Common Bacterial Shapes Familiarize yourself with each morphological type to use as a comparative tool for the remainder of the activity. Record your observations. Part 2: Disinfecting Your Area to Use Live Organisms: Part 3: Viewing Live Organisms – Wet Mount Preparation There was several amoeba shaped cells that varied in size. There were five somewhat darker areas that were circular in shape. There were also three large, oddly shaped areas that had very distinct edges. Part 4: Direct Staining: Slide One: There were two clusters that were fairly easy to recognize. All of the cells were cocci. Some of the cells were large while others were practically nonexistent. Slide Two: There were different layers of cells. The cells were rectangular in shape and varied in size. A nucleus was visible in each cell. Slide Three: This slide was a mixture of different shapes. Nothing was recognizable. Part 5: Indirect Staining: Chains of both cocci and bracillus cells were both visible and identifiable. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Baterial Morphology Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chains varied in length. The cheek and yeast smear was clearer. The same shapes were seen as before just with sharper outlines. The cells were much easier to see with more detail. Questions: A. What are the advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant? The disadvantages? The advantages of using 70% alcohol? The disadvantages? B. List three reasons why you might choose to stain a particular slide rather than view it as a wet mount. C. Define the following terms: †¢Chromophore: †¢Acidic Dye: †¢Basic Dye: D. What is the difference between direct and indirect staining? E. What is heat fixing? F. Why is it necessary to ensure that your specimens are completely air dried prior to heat fixing? G. Describe what you observed in your plaque smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? H. Describe what you observed in your cheek smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? I. Describe what you observed in your yeast wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? J. Were the cell types the same in all three specimen sets: yeast, plaque, and cheek? How were they similar? How were they different?

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics A good place to begin if youre considering learning any language is to learn about where the language came from and how it functions within linguistics. If youre thinking about learning French before your next visit to Paris, this quick guide will get you started on discovering where French came from. The Language of Love French belongs to a group of languages identified as a Romance language, although thats not why its called the language of love. In linguistic terms, Romance and Romanic have nothing to do with love; they come from the word Roman and simply mean from Latin. Other terms sometimes used for these languages are Romanic, Latin, or Neo-Latin languages. These languages evolved from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries. Some other very common Romance languages include Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. Other Romance languages include Catalan, Moldavian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian and Provenà §al. Because of their shared roots in Latin, these languages can have many words that are similar to each other.   Places French Is Spoken Romance languages originally evolved in Western Europe, but colonialism spread some of them all over the world. As a result,  French is spoken  in many regions other than just France. For example, French is spoken in the Maghreb, through Central and West Africa, and in Madagascar and Mauritius. Its the official language in 29 countries, but the majority of the francophone population is in Europe, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas, with about 1% being spoken in Asia and Oceania.   Even though French is a Romance language, which you now know means that it is based on Latin, French has a number of characteristics that set it apart from the other members of its linguistic family. The development of French  and basic  French linguistics  go back to Frenchs evolution from Gallo-Romance which was the spoken Latin in Gaul and even more specifically, in Northern Gaul.   Reasons to Learn to Speak French Aside from becoming fluent in the worlds recognized language of love, French has long been an international language for diplomacy, literature and commerce, and has played a significant role in the arts and sciences as well. French is a recommended language to know for business as well. Learning French can allow communication  for various business and leisure travel opportunities across the world.

MLA 7 is finally here! Our new release.

MLA 7 is finally here! Our new release. MLA 7 is finally here! Our new release. – Blog We’re proud to announce that we’ve finally updated with the MLA 7th edition guidelines. It’s taken us a greater part of 6 months and we’ve added a lot of new stuff in the process. So what exactly did we update? Here’s what’s new: MLA 7 guidelines   – you may notice   lots of changes to your citations for MLA. First, titles are no longer underlined and instead are italicized. Secondly, citations now display the medium in which they originated (e.g. Print, Web).   If you omit certain pieces of information, like publisher or pages, an abbreviation will be inserted in their place (n.p., n. pag.). Although the new MLA guidelines no longer require URLs in your citations, we have not removed them from your website citations, as we understand their importance to a lot of our users. There lots of other changes, but they are too long to list here. Which leads me to our next big change†¦ Revamped Citation Guide page – you can now review specific guidelines and citing situations for each source type for each formatting style. And we give you lots of example citations to guide you. Additionally, we’ve included Turabian formatting guidelines into the Citation Guide for the first time!   This new design is much more user friendly and conducive to learning in the classroom. New form fields and citing possibilities – we’ve added a bunch of new fields to each source type to expand our citing capabilities†¦ Book – you can select whether you are citing an entire book or just a chapter, and you can now enter a specific edition of the book. Magazine – you can now cite magazines that you found from a database. Newspaper – you can enter the location of the newspaper (city/state/country), indicate if the newspaper is nationally well-known, and cite newspaper that you found from a database. Website – you can now enter a sponsor/publisher and a version number. Film – you can select whether you are citing an entire film or just a chapter/commentary, and you can now indicate whether the film is a re-release. Interview – you can now cite interviews from books, magazines, and magazines. Lecture – you can choose what type of lecture you are citing. Radio/TV – you can choose whether you are citing an episode, a series, or an individual broadcast, as well as if you are citing a transcript of the program. Encyclopedia – you can now choose whether you are citing an encyclopedia or a dictionary, as well as if you are citing a specific article or the entire reference book. You can also indicate whether the encyclopedia is well-known and if entries are alphabetically arranged. Photograph – you can now choose a file type for a self-taken digital photograph, and you can also cite photographs from books, magazines, and newspapers. Print-friendly pages – we have gotten a lot of requests to make our pages printable and in response, we’ve formatted our pages, particularly our Bibliography Maker and Citation Guide pages, to be print out well for users. Internet Explorer compatibility – we identified some visual bugs that we’re occurring in Internet Explorer and we’ve fixed a lot of those. Various bug fixes – many bugs that you emailed us about have been fixed. Website citations can now be edited properly. ISBN book searches now accept hyphens and still return the proper search results. New help topics – we’ve gotten a lot of emails and questions about certain topics and in response, we’ve added new questions to our Help FAQs page.

Product Reassesment research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Reassesment - Research Paper Example Product reassessment gets conducted due to the product’s performance in the market. Market performance indicators may result to a product reassessment (Graham et al, 2008). This paper will discuss a reassessment of battery free remote control in the US market. The target markets for this product include retailers and consumers who are in search for battery free remote controls. Developing a marketing strategy involves the identification of a target market and coming up with a mix that will appeal to potential consumers. Developing an ideal market mix involves paying attention to factors such as price, product, and promotion. Target marketing involves selecting a viable target market by factoring in; the expected growth, size, cost to reach, competitive position and compatibility (Graham et al, 2008). Target marketing may undertake the single target market approach or multiple target market approach. In repositioning the target market for battery free remote control, branding i s essential as 76% of American consumers base their decision to purchase a product on its brand name (Kahn, 2011). The product’s retail market is also growing massively as large retailers offer exceptional demand for the product. A few of this retail chains own over 4000 chains in the US and thus provide ample appetite for the product (Kahn, 2011). Marketing research is vital to ensure that the product gets repositioned towards its target market. Research is crucial in determining how market mix influences customer behavior. In order to reposition the product to its target market, it is necessary to conduct positioning research (Graham et al, 2008). This will help the manufacturing firm to determine the perceptions of the target market in regards to their brand. Positioning research identifies how the target markets view the brand in relation to other brands from competitors. It helps the firm to understand what their brands stand for from the customers’ views (Graham et al, 2008). Positioning research will also help the firm to differentiate its products from those of other competitors. It will help the firm to develop its own position in the market with the view of appealing to its target market through its own product attributes. It is necessary to also conduct a segmentation research for the product. This will help the firm to identify the behavioral patterns of potential buyers. Segmentation research allows the firm to determine the demographic characteristics of the target market. Determining the demographic and behavioral patterns of potential buyers is vital in repositioning the product in the market. Demographic and behavior pattern data assists firm management to understand their target market while in the design process of the product. The data derived from such research helps the manufacturing firm to redesign the product in accordance with the target market’s taste and preferences. This will help to reposition the product in t he target market along competitor brands (Kahn, 2011). Adoption rates refer to speed with which new members of a society start to use new technology within a specified time (Kahn, 2011). To increase the adoption rate for the product, the firm should consider on the product pricing. The product should be offered at a competitive price by the firm. Competitive pricing will allow the target mark

Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health Care Reform - Essay Example The most hotly contested issue in the debate is how best to gain universal coverage. While there is agreement that goal is for everyone to have health care coverage, there is much debate over the best mechanisms to achieve the goal. John Holahan, Director and Linda J. Blumberg, Senior Fellow of the Urban Institute Health Policy Center said â€Å"A public plan would not destroy the private insurance market but would make it more competitive and lead to the benefits associated with competition. Many private plans would remain attractive because of their ability to be responsive to consumer demands and to be innovative in care management. Public plans are attractive because they can offer better access to necessary care for diverse populations, have lower administrative costs, and have strong negotiating power with providers† (Karina, 2009). Dr. Sidney Wolfe of the public interest group Public Citizen disagreed, advocating for a single payer Health Care Reform stating â€Å"In s even states, ranging from Washington to Minnesota to Maine, they have tried what amounts to a mixture of a private and a public plan. And in none of the states has there been any sustained reduction in the number of uninsured. Its way too expensive† (Bill Moyers Journal, 2009). The Obama Plan: Stability & Security For All Americans contains a two part proposal with respect to universal coverage. Part 1 under President Obama’s Plan, is the creation of an insurance marketplace, â€Å"the Exchange† that would provide small businesses and individuals with access to a wider variety of choice. Part 2 under the President’s plan offers a more affordable option to those who can’t find affordable coverage in â€Å"the Exchange† or elsewhere (The White House, 2009). In essence, the Public Option would operate similarly to Medicare, except that anyone who cannot afford

Business Research Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Research Ethics Essay The accounting world is changing constantly and so are the rules that are being set up to protect companies and their assets. There are codes of conduct that accounting offices and their personnel must adhere to and when they are not followed, there can be an ethical challenges that you have to deal with. Users of accounting information perform different types of creative accounting. Some of these practices are ethical and legal and other are not. It is important for a company to set up procedures that check and double check everyone in the accounting department from the clerks to the Controller. There is never a time in any business that someone is allowed to do things without having someone else check on their work. When there is no follow up or checks set in place is when the company finds themselves in trouble. As accountants, we are required to make sure that the work that we produce is accurate, credible and true information. This information is used to help investors and banks to make a good business decision in regard to their credit and investment opportunities. Many times, an accountant will get â€Å"creative† with the numbers to assure just that outcome. The numbers are inflated to show a better financial picture and this will help the company get more money and have the bank invest more in their future. Sometimes, this can go on for a long time without anyone knowing it is all false. Other times, companies get caught. May I remind you of Enron? Over the years stockholders and investors have lost large amounts of money due to false reporting or â€Å"creative† accounting. It is for this reason that the need for restrictions on those practices and find a solution to this problem became necessary. A company that I worked for in the past had to eventually file for bankruptcy because the Executive Board was unaware of what the Controller was doing. Many of us were aware of the incorrect numbers and were not sure how to handle it because we could not really prove that the numbers that he was  reporting were actually wrong. There are procedures in effect that prevent accountants from doing this, but not all companies follow them. This is why auditors are used with many companies. Auditors are there to make sure that all numbers and documents are proven to be correct and that there is no creative accounting or inflated numbers when looking at financial statements. Auditors can also be a deterrent for theft. If there is never a check and balance with an accountant in a company, there can be a greater chance of theft. I know of a company that I worked for suffered a loss of over $50,000 because the Controller was not required to get a second signature on checks under $5,000, so he issued himself eleven checks in the amount of $4,000. He would take the check and record that the check went to a vendor or supplier. When the bank statement was sent to our office, he would do the bank reconciliation, so no one saw the actual cancelled check because he destroyed it. Had there been an auditor that would be checking his work, this never would have continued to happen, they would have found it after the first check. It is important accountants to maintain integrity and avoid questionable situations. There are many things that can be seen as inappropriate. Many times over the years, I have been offered tickets to baseball games, dinners, gift baskets, etc. to use a particular company as a major supplier or to use a certain bank. I never thought much of accepting a gift basket, but I was told by an auditor for our firm that can be misunderstood and never to do that. This is a small scale, many companies have been known to get government contracts or big jobs because of making certain promises. Research has proven to our executives and investors that the only way to make sure that there is no inappropriate behavior by having internal and external auditors to examine the books on a regular basis. Knowing that there are audits completed on a random basis and knowing that those audits are being audited by external companies prevents mishaps, theft and misappropriation of funds. Having a clear set of policies and procedures in place and also having a clear plan of action for employees that do not follow these procedures is a sure way to insure that your company is protected. GAAP (generally accepted accounting practices) defines what is and is not permissible, but it is not infallible. GAAP can be manipulated and subject to interpretation and accountants can commit fraud any time. Eventually, we have to count on good accounting  procedures, our auditors and most importantly, employee ethics and morals to keep everything and everyone in line. REFERENCES Al Momani, M. A., Obeidat, M. I. (2013). The effect of auditors ethics on their detection of creative accounting practices: A field study. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(13), 118-136. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1418426106?accountid=458 Leung, E. C. (2004). Accounting ethics. Business and Society, 43(2), 226-226+. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199387513?accountid=458

Listening Report Essay -- essays research papers fc

Concert Analysis: Songs Around the Word I Offer Thee by Allen Ridout 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gregorian chant consists of a single-lined melody and is monophonic in texture. This piece also consists of these basic structures as well as not having any harmory or counterpoint. This piece performed by U of I faculty member Steven Rickards, is sung a cappella. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This piece differs from the traditional Gregorian chant of the Middle ages because of the jumps and leaps presented in the piece, which show that the piece was written after the period. Another reason it differs from chant is because this is plainchant rather than Gregorian. It is also sung in English, rather than the traditional Latin text. Ahavant Olam by Ben Steinburg 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cantillation, according to the Harvard Music Dictionary, is to chant or recite (a liturgical text) in a musical monotone; recitation or reading with musical modulations. One of its features is that the piece is straight out of the torah 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main reasons why this piece has a Jewish sound is it is in minor key, giving it the drama of a jewish piece. It also has a monotonic sound present. In some parts of the piece, the vocalist embellishes some of the long syllables, making it melismatic. Mizi Westra did a great job of bringing out the main idea of the text which is peace and love. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main role of the piano on this piece is to establish the melodic idea. The pianist, Amy Eggelston, lets the vocalist take over but makes it like they are singing together. The pianist plays just as an important role as the vocalist, making her not an accompanist. Leit etter livet by Christian Sinding 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that the piece is talking about happiness and fulfillment. The piece is entitled Leit etter livet which translated means â€Å"Seek after Life and Live it.† The performer exemplifies this with his happy singing and the piano has an ascending line that also portrays happiness. Det forste by Edvard Grieg 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Samuelson interprets the piece in a few ways. First, with his urgency. He displays his passion and oneness of the music. He uses lots of dynamics and also in some cases bends the pitch, which makes the piece more interesting. He also displays a gre... ...he violin. It was raspy in nature and did not flow with the violin. What really impressed me about the duo of Hunt and Enzinger was their patience. They never rushed tempos and took their time with melodies, making the outcome a beautiful performance. The music was simple and could have been rushed but never did. Overall, this concert was very well put together and the musicians were very classy and talented. I wish we had that many talented musicians here at this university. I would recommend this concert to anyone who has an interest in vocal music. Bibliography Sacred sound and social change : liturgical music in Jewish and Christian experience By:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lawrence A Hoffman; Janet Roland Walton Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 1992. The Triumph of Pierrot, The Commedia dell'Arte and the Modern Imagination, Martin Green and John Swan, rev.ed. 1993, Penn State Press. The Life of Debussy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Author: Nichols, Roger 184 pages Pub. Date: Jun 1998, Publisher: Cambridge Univ Press Joseph machlis,Kristine Forney. The enjoyment of music. 9th edition. Ww Norton and company, 2003. new york Websters Music dictionary of music,

Interpretation and discussion of results Essay

A. The Correlation Matrices: A. 1. The Pearson Correlation Matrix for the Combined Sample Data: Leadership, as defined and measured in the Baldrige Criteria (Peacock, 2006) is related to the other items which could be interpreted as priorities or concerns of the respondents surveyed. In other words, the sub-items defining Leadership such as Organizational Leadership and Social Responsibility were significantly correlated with the sub-categories (Peacock, 2006) under the other items including Strategic Planning (questions 11 to 16), Customer and Market Focus (questions 17 to 21), Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management (questions 22 to 28), Human Resource Focus (questions 29 to 39), Process Management (questions 40 to 50), and Business Results (questions 51 to 63). Those questions are contained in Appendix A. Under the Baldrige Criteria (Peacock, 2006), there are 10 indicators defining Leadership including visible involvement in managerial activities such as goal setting, directing and performance audit; communicating values and customer focus; behavior modeling and motivating and empowering personnel; which fall under the sub-item Organizational Leadership. Governance concerns such as accountability, transparency, disclosure and stakeholders’ interests; appropriateness and effectiveness of leadership system; addressing adverse social impacts of products, services and operations; monitoring ethical behavior throughout the organization and community involvement; meanwhile fall under the sub-item social responsibility. These indicators serve as basis for measuring the leadership scores in the Baldrige Criteria (Peacock, 2006). Despite the significant correlation of Leadership with the other major items in the Baldrige Criteria (Peacock, 2006); however, the data set evaluated was combined for both the Others Group and the Leaders Group. There were thirty-seven (37) samples from the Others Group and seven (7) samples from the Leaders Group. The correlation tests conducted tended to support the hypothesis that individuals who scored high in Leadership, Item 1, also score high in the other items, from Item 2 to Item 7. The results suggested that Leadership, as defined and measured in the Baldrige Criteria (Peacock, 2006) is related to the other items which could be interpreted as priorities or concerns of the respondents surveyed as shown by Table 1. Table 1. The Pearson Correlation Matrix for the Combined Data Leader-ship Strategic Planning Customer And Market Focus Measure-ment, Analysis, and Know- ledge Manage-ment Human Resource Focus Process Manage- ment Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6. Strategic Planning, Item 2 0. 510 0. 000 Customer And Market Focus, Item 3 0. 341 0. 023 0. 237 0. 121 Measure-ment, Analysis, and Knowledge Manage-ment, Item 4 0. 656 0. 000 0. 575 0. 000 0. 291 0. 056 Human Resource Focus, Item 5 0. 718 0. 000 0. 449 0. 002 0. 259 0. 090 0. 590 0. 000 Process Manage-ment, Item 6 0. 518 0. 000 0. 730 0. 000 0. 334 0. 027 0. 738 0. 000 0. 536 0. 000 Business Results, Item 7 0. 387 0. 009 0. 409 0. 006 0. 413 0. 005 0. 196 0. 202 0. 271 0. 075 0. 353 0. 019 Cell Contents: Pearson correlation p-value Although the Pearson correlation test conducted tends to support the hypothesis of correlation of Leadership with the other items for the combined data set of the Others Group and the Leaders Group; however this does not tell us if there is any difference between the Others Group and the Leaders Group. Hence, Pearson correlation test was then conducted separately; one, for the Others Group and another, for the Leaders Group. A. 2. The Pearson Correlation Matrix for the Others Group: For the Others Group, the statistical test showed that Leadership, Item 1, had significant correlations with all the items from Strategic Planning, Item 2 to Business Results, Item 7 except for Customer and Market Focus, Item 3. Leadership, Item 1, had the highest correlations with Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management, Item 4 (r = 0. 705) and Human Resource Focus, Item 5, (r = 0. 725), Table 2. Table 2. Excerpt from the Pearson Correlation Matrix for the Others Group Leadership Item 1 Item Strategic Planning, Item 2 0. 508 0. 001 Customer And Market Focus, Item 3 0. 316 0. 057 Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management, Item 4 0. 705 0. 000 Human Resource Focus, Item 5 0. 725 0. 000 Process Management, Item 6 0. 562 0. 000 Business Results, Item 7 0. 333 0. 044 Cell Contents: Pearson correlation p-Value.

Retroactive: a Single Work of Art, with Many Faces

A Single Work of Art, With Many FacesBy: Logan Dodge Few works of art are able to perfectly capture a period of time as thoroughly as Paul Reassurances does with his masterpiece titled, Retroactive. He was one of the first artist who wanted to take mass media into the art studio, and break down the barriers between art and things like advertising, newspapers, and television. Retroactive is a brilliant collage of iconic images from the early ass's and it captured all of its political drama, scientific breakthrough, and the emotions that went along with that time period.It is a masterpiece, but it is a masterpiece that almost did not happen. In 1961, America led a failed invasion of the communist island of Cuba. This led to the Cuban missile crisis the following year and in 1963, a man sits in the back seat of a car with his wife. Both of them waving to the crowd gathered at the sides of the road. A few minutes later that very car would be racing away as the onlookers scattered in terr or. The president had been shot and killed in Dallas, and an artist decides to abandon a painting he had been working on.The death of President Kennedy left people in awe. The great man who had prevented doomsday, and who had stood up to the communist was now dead. And for Reassurances, continuing his work felt wrong. Reassurances thankfully did not completely abandon the work and instead approached it with a new goal and from another angle. He began working on Retroactive again with the goal of memorizing a dead hero. For Reassurances, with his goal of breaking down boundaries between mass media and art, Kennedy would be the perfect subject.Kennedy had become an idol and a martyr for the American people to look up to. So he restarted his work on Retroactive, Throwing out the idea of t being completely a painting he restarted his work. Instead, â€Å"Robert Reassurances reintroduced recognizable imagery into contemporary art, and preferred employing popular mass media, such as news papers, magazines and television, as his sources. Reassurances transferred these â€Å"found† media images to canvas, using commercially prepared bibliographic silk screens† (Headwords Athenian).Reassurance's use of disconnected pop culture images and putting them into the work shows a use of the collage method of art. His use of objects that are historically important also shows the theme of capturing history, and the human experience. Kennedy, the space race, and the use of color all come together to become a work that captures the emotion of an important time in history. The work would be finished in 1964. In his work titled Retroactive, The most prominent and central figure is that of President Kennedy.His image is in large proportion compared to the others that take up the remainder of the work. He is the central image because image from one of Kennedy's televised debates, showing him in a position of strength and confidence that defined his character as a leader. His hand is repeated in the OTTOMH left corner pointing as it is in the larger central picture of Kennedy, to show the authority of Kennedy, further reinforcing the character of the assassinated President.Kennedy is colored the cool color of blue to embody the sadness felt by the country after his assassination. Through the use of color to evoke emotion, and the central figure of Kennedy, Reassurances tries to make Kennedy into a metaphor for America, he tries to turn him into a symbol for what the great American is, and can be. Much of this painting can be interpreted in multiple ways. In Retroactive, There is a black cloud over Kennedy's head. This with the red and enlarged image by Gluon Mil, that was originally published in Time Magazine†(Andrew Graham-Dixon).Represents the black cloud hanging over Kennedy's head during and after his presidency in what is known now as The Cuban Missile Crisis. Red was the color that represented Communism around the world. The warm color of red is also used. It comes in contrast to the cool color of blue used to shade Kennedy's central image. Red is the color of blood, and the memories of when the world came so close to spilling the blood of everyone who inhabits this planet must have surely haunted Kennedy in the mind of Reassurances.As I said with the double meanings of certain aspects of this painting, if one wants to see Kennedy as a representation of the great American citizen, the black cloud would be the sadness of the American people, the black cloud that would hang over this country for many years after the assassination of its beloved President. The imagery that this evokes is astoundingly vivid. Each generation has a great sadness that occurs. One that shocks, surprises, and devastates, the populace. Reassurances knows how much his death meant, and explores the emotions that the assassination led much of America to feel.In the top left hand corner there is an image of an astronaut, angelically hanging in sp ace. His image represents the scientific advancements during the early ass's by the United States. It also represents Kennedy's ambitious goal of special exploration he announced to the American public in 1961. The astronaut could also represent an angel, hanging over the dead presidents head, or possibly the fact that it is above all the other images could possibly represent Reassurance's personal belief that Kennedy's triumph in his goal to explore space alongside the American people, will e what is most highly remembered after Kennedy's death.The oranges might represent the state of Florida. Kennedy's image between the oranges and the red picture in the bottom right corner of the work, further represents Kennedy's invaluable intervention in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The image could also represent the fertility and freshness that President Kennedy brought to the country. For all of Reassurance's use of symbolism through pop culture, and the double meanings he uses, I consider Retr oactive a work of art. It uses themes of collage through the gathering and connecting unrelated images into a cohesive work.His use of pop culture images and icons, familiar with the American public and the rest of the world as well, allows me to say that this is also a form of pop art. The pictures also hold significant importance in a historical sense and he uses these images to show what important events took place around the time that the primary figure of this image, narrative and cultural story telling. Reassurances uses colors both warm and cool to convey emotions and he enables the viewer to draw their own conclusions to the meanings of each image in connection with the other ones in the work.

Input Devices and Their Uses Essay Example

Input Devices and Their Uses Essay Example Input Devices and Their Uses Essay Input Devices and Their Uses Essay An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer. Input devices include the keyboard, pointing devices, scanners and reading devices, digital cameras, audio and video input devices for physically challenged use MOUSE The mouse is an input device that is used to control the movement of the pointer on the screen and to make selections from the screen. She top of the mouse has one to four buttons.Some also have a small wheel. The bottom of a mouse is flat and contains a multidirectional mechanism and usually a small ball. [pic] KEYBOARD Most of today’s desktop computer keyboards are an enhanced keyboard, which means they have twelve function keys along the top, two CTRL keys, two ALT keys, and a set of arrow and additional keys between the typing area and the numeric keypad. [pic] CAMERA Digital camera allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally instead of on traditional film.With some digital cameras, you down load, or transfer a copy of, the stored pictures to your computer by connecting a cable between the digital camera and your computer and using special software included with the camera. With other digital cameras, the pictures are stored directly on a floppy disk or on PC card. [pic] MICROPHONE [pic] The microphone is ideal for all voice application, including internet phone and chat, video conferencing or editing, language labs, voice command and control, and speech dictation. MOHIB AHMED Output DevicesOutput devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Here are some examples of output devices. , | | |numbers, and graphics can be | | |seem. The monitor is the | | |most common output device. | | |Compact Disk Some compact |[pic] | |disks can be used to put | | |information on.This is | | |called burning information to| | |a CD. | | |NOTE: A CD can also be an | | |input device. | | |Printer A printer prints |[pic] | |whatever is on the monitor | | |onto paper. Printers can , numbers, or | | |pictures. | |Speaker A speaker gives you|[pic] | |sound output from your | | |computer. Some speakers are | | |built into the computer and | | |some are separate. | | |Disk Drives A disk drive is|[pic] | |used to record information | | |from the computer onto a | | |floppy disk or CD. | |Floppy Disk A floppy disk |[pic] | |is used to record information| | |on. The information is | | |stored on the floppy disk and| | |can be used later or used on | | |another computer. | |Headphones Headphones give |[pic] | |sound output from the | | |computer. They are similar | | |to speakers, except they are | | |worn on the ears so only one | | |person can hear the output at| | |a time. | |

The Best Email Marketing Sending Frequency According to 20 Studies

The Best Email Marketing Sending Frequency According to 20 Studies How often should brands send marketing emails? That’s a common question without a single definitive answer. But, you’re responsible for establishing your company’s email schedule and managing the marketing calendar. If your boss asks, â€Å"Are we sending emails at the best possible frequency,† you can’t say, â€Å"That answer is unknowable, young Jedi.† That’s not a helpful response. And it’s condescending to your department head (and you want to keep your job). Plus, if your email frequency isn’t optimized, you might be missing opportunities to convert more leads (or stop chasing away those currently in your funnel). Your list is an invaluable resource, and how often you send to it matters. The best schedule will vary from business to business, but you need a starting point and data to compare against. In this post, you’ll learn what 20 different companies discovered when they tried to answer this question. By the time you’re done, you’ll be prepared to plan a complete email schedule optimized for frequency and pacing. It’ll all be backed by real data, and ready to be fine-tuned based on your own performance. The Best Email Marketing Sending Frequency Backed By 20 Studies via @Snag Your Free Email Schedule Optimization Bundle Use the right tools for the right job. To help you get started managing an effective email schedule, here are three templates to use: Email Marketing Calendar Template: Schedule all those emails in one place (at the best dates and times, of course). Best Times to Send Email Guide: Get some additional insight into which times typically work best. Email Marketing Strategy Template: Plan and organize the complete strategy behind every email you’ll send. †¦ And Plan Your Email Frequency With The easiest way to map out your email schedule is on a calendar integrated into a holistic marketing management platform. With its new email marketing integrations, that platform is . With Email Marketing from , you can: Seamlessly integrate with your *favorite* email marketing platform. You already have a kick-a$$ email platform you know and love, so why give it up? With Email Marketing, you can easily connect your preferred email platform to with just a couple clicks. Write click-worthy email subject lines...every time. With Email Marketing, you can use ’s *exclusive* Email Subject Line Tester to optimize and perfect every subject line to drive more opens, more clicks, and more conversions. Get full visibility into your ENTIRE marketing strategy. Say â€Å"buh-bye† to disjointed marketing content (and constantly jumping from screen to screen). With Email Marketing, it’s easy to see how your email campaigns relate to the rest of your marketing strategy and quickly make adjustments if necessary. With Email Marketing, you can easily connect your preferred email platform (MailChimp, Campaign Monitor, Constant Contact, and ActiveCampaign) to with just a couple clicks. Here’s how you can get started. Or schedule a free 14-day trial. About the 20 Studies, Blog Posts, and Research Reports So, where did all the research in this post come from? Here’s a breakdown of all 20 studies and posts: Infusionsoft’s post on finding the best frequency to email customers. DMA’s annual email marketing report. Entrepreneur’s pointers on the topic. Campaign Monitor’s surprising findings. Constant Contact’s detailed guide. Sark eMedia’s thoughtful opinions on what offers most value. Traffic Generation Cafe’s syndicated advice courtesy of Daegan Smith. Smart Insights’ research-backed findings. Crazy Egg’s impassioned recommendation to send more emails. Benchmark’s practical guide to choosing days and times to deliver. Fulcrum Tech’s helpful delineation between the terms â€Å"frequency† and â€Å"cadence.† OmniSend’s original research from 2017. Aweber’s answer: there’s no magic number (plus rationale for that conclusion). MailPoet’s more philosophical answer: it depends (and an explanation for that, too). EventBrite’s concise tips specific to event promotion emails. Ignite Visibility’s advice for promotional emails. SendGrid’s useful tips on what to do if your frequency is too  frequent. MailChimp’s email marketing field guide, which touches on frequency. Clickz’s collected research, which includes insights on how often top brands are sending email. ReturnPath’s original research on email frequency. That’s a lot of difference perspectives, from all different types of sources. This ensures the advice in this post isn’t all coming from one perspective, while reflecting the diversity of opinion and thought on this topic. What do 20 different studies say about the ideal email marketing send frequency?Setting Benchmarks: Frequency Vs. Results For comparison purposes, here are some benchmarks gathered by the folks at SendGrid, based on their own original research  (based on â€Å"50 billion messages to over 100,000 different senders in the top 25 industries who sent email through SendGrid†: A few things to point out straight off the bat: The average respondent sent around two emails per week. This marked a decline from 2016 to 2017. Which corresponded with a 3.3% increase in opens and a .4% increase in unique opens. However, unique clicks and clicks overall declined. What does this tell us? We can make a few educated guesses: Consumers are overwhelmed with information overload. Not just in their inboxes, but all over the web. So, reducing email may be an effort to reduce content shock. So, sending slightly less email can potentially improve results. It makes each email appear more valuable (at least initially) if they’re received less often. But, that email needs to be engaging to get clicks. The fact that clicks went down somewhat is slightly concerning, even if CTRs didn’t drop precipitously. This lines up with some other findings this post will dig into a bit later on. What Can Happen When You Tweak Your Frequency? Now, if you’re already sending marketing emails, you might be worried about adjusting your frequency. After all, if you don’t know what might happen, you may not want to risk something going wrong. But, fortune favors the bold. If you really want to know what works, you’ve got to be willing to experiment at least a little bit. To alleviate potential fears, though, here are four possible outcomes that Campaign Monitor says can occur. Unsubscribes Might Go Up Even worse, SPAM reports might go up, too. So, take that as a warning not to go overboard. That data aligns with possible solutions: Engagement Might Drop Citing (gated) data from Return Path, Campaign Monitor’s post reports that engagement could drop if too many low-value emails are sent. Not only could opens drop and unsubscribes increase, but even people who stick around might just disengage. Nothing Happens You make a change and †¦ nothing changes. That’s †¦ okay? Sort of? What this means is it’s time to test another variable. †¦ But, Your Results Could Improve (Dramatically), Too! When you start testing, some things might not go your way. But, once you start to see positive movement, keep at it. The results are worth the effort. In Campaign Monitor’s post, they highlight Aviva, an insurance company based in the UK. They were only emailing their list once a year. You read that right. But, then they increased their frequency. You’ll never believe what happened next: 48% more requested insurance quotes 304% more unique clicks 45% more email revenue Those are some awesome results, and they never would have been achieved without pushing past status quo and the fear of change.

24 hours surviliance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

24 hours surviliance - Case Study Example As such the paper would be discussing the surveillance of the current facility with regard to various measures that are needed to adopt to feel safe and protected. The surveillance is very important part of security measure for the multistory building which has multiple exits. The major objective of the surveillance is monitoring of intruders and suspects who could pose threat to the safety of the people inside the complex. Hence, the facility/ building and surrounding area would be under surveillance. CCTVs would be installed in all the areas of critical importance that would be interconnected and feed into the main control room. All the rooms, stairs, elevators, lobby areas, hallways would have CCTV and spy cameras. The two restrooms and cafeteria would be excluded from the surveillance but nevertheless, their entrance would be guarded by security guards and CCTV cameras. The cameras would also be installed on the strategic positions in the ground and parking to monitor the activities of people moving around the campus. The installation of CCTV cameras on a closed network would be centrally monitored by the control room continuously. Around 11 CCTV monochrome cameras would be used across the rooms and public places like elevators, stairs etc. They would also be equipped with alarm system that would be connected to the main security office which would have direct connections with the local police station. Moreover, the complex would also be guarded by 4 fully armed security guards. It is envisaged that appropriate identity cards would be issued to permanent members and visitors would be given token which would monitored electronically. These are important aspects that are designed to alert security officers to burglary/ theft in progress or identify suspects hanging around in the building, open ground or parking places so that crime can be prevented. Surveillance is key factor in security issues that helps

Corporate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate - Research Paper Example Established in 1985 as an energy company in Houston, Texas, Enron Corporation, in a move to diversify along its business, created SPEs (Special Purpose Entities). In this spree, the much needed amount for the creation of such vehicles was received from the internal employees of the company itself. Adding to the woes, Enron started selling the energy commodities by acting as a broker and profited by the difference between the prices of sellers and buyers, as it had entered into separate contracts with them (AACSB 2002). â€Å"Enron was fond of another procedure known as mark-to-market, which allowed it to increase the value of present assets held by the company by estimating future market prices. Since Enron dominated the energy trading business, the prices by which it marked-to-market were largely subjective- that is, determined by Enron itself in accordance with the earnings it wanted to report.† Defying the laws further, Arthur Anderson, with an intention to show loyalty to the company, provided consultancy to the Corporation and presented misleading and faulty audit data of the Corporation to the stakeholders and investors (Rittenberg et al, 2009, p. 427). The results were graver than imagined. It left Enron bankrupt, due to losses running into billions (debt- $3 billion and losses- $638 million). Apart from financial losses, it also suffered blemishes on its reputation and delisting of its shares and stock. Employees also suffered the loss of their jobs. Data is valuable only if it is in the right hands and used in the right sense. Information contained in data is sensitive and can ruin the fate of the organization handling the data. Thus, data analysis suffers from reliability, validity, authentication and verification. Enron Corporation acted against the transparency and responsibility of being an ethical organization for its investors and invited lethal damage to its

Civil right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Civil right - Essay Example Segregation existed in all kinds, forms and shapes in the daily lives of the people mentioned in the documentary. As Foner said, â€Å"They had to fight for every inch of it. Nobody gave you anything. Nothing† (957). They were dealing with people who believed in some sort of religion, where â€Å"racial amalgamation is both illegal, immoral and a disgrace† As a foreigner who does not know American history well, I was stunned by the facts presented in the documentary. Watching the discussions of what occurred in the fight for human rights brought so much grief, sorrow, misery and pain to me as a viewer so I can just imagine how the Blacks felt in their struggle to acquire the equal rights they have been fighting for. The Blacks wanted to get rid of racial segregation in the state because it has not been good for them, nor the state (Medgar Evers, during TV show). It made me rethink about non-violent resistances led by Martin Luther King Jr. and how difficult it has been for him to pursue his people’s desire for freedom through the extreme opposite of what most Blacks wanted and believed in. King told the Blacks who lost their beloved fathers and sons, who were despised and who lost their jobs and houses to the Whites, that they would never use violence on their protests. â€Å"There will be no White persons pulled out of their homes and taken out to some distant road and lynched† (King, the speech of the launching of the Montgomery bus boycott), was the philosophy that the reformer believed in. I think this was a noble act which fairly received its due when the Blacks were finally recognized as human beings, worthy of a life where they are treated as they

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis better than many other sectors. Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat, which are renewable because they are naturally replenished at a constant rate. About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. Si nce its emergence; renewable energy has come a long way. In was not until the 1970s that environmentalists promoted the development of alternative energy both as a replacement for the eventual depletion of oil, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil; it was at that stage that the first wind turbines appeared. On the other hand, solar had always been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms, until 1980. The reason why have chosen the topic of solar heating systems; solar energy for my dissertation is because among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy is one of the crucial energy sources, if not the most crucial. According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the worlds electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. Before doing this report, I have to admit that the knowledge that I had regarding solar energy or solar energy systems was minimal. But since starting working on this report, I think, I have come a long way; yet, I have to admit, there has been done so much research in this field, in the past couple of decade that I would still have to go a long way before I would consider myself a specialist. This report should cater towards any individual who had heard of the solar energy, solar energy systems and how they could benefit from it. T his report also gives a brief insight into, where solar energy system (solar energy) is headed in the future. A far as the structure of my report is concerned, I will be looking into the history of solar energy, the solar energy itself, solar energy collectors solar panels; Furthermore, I would also be looking at the benefits of solar energy systems for us and the consequences, if any. On the other hand, I would also be analysing economic issues related to solar energy systems such as: the cost of heating a house or a building by the means of solar energy contra to contemporary means. Last but not the least I would be summarizing the advantages that I have discussed as well as look at some disadvantages, if there are any. I will sum up the whole report with a conclusion, thanks beforehand. History of solar energy Before we delve into the discussion of why solar energy is so needed in the world today, well first look into what solar energy really is. By definition, solar energy is that beaming light and heat that is generated from the sun. Solar energy has been used by human beings since time immemorial. The radiation that comes from solar energy along with the resultant solar energized resources such as wave power, wind, biomass and hydroelectricity all give an explanation for most of the accessible renewable energy that is present on earth. However, only an infinitesimal portion of the existing solar energy is used. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. Ancient Egyptians built places to live that allowed stored energy from the sun during the day, and a heat release during the night. This kind of architecture: heated homes at night while keeping the temperature low during the day; buildings were designed so that, walls and floors collected solar heat during the day, that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you too have utilized solar thermal energy. Egyptians also used the sun as part of their mummification process, using the sun to dry dead bodies. The Egyptians used a form of passive solar power. 3rd Century B.C., Greek soldiers with the help of Archimedes, focused light on a Roman fleet by using mirrors. The Romans were invading a port city that did not have defenses ready for the attack. The mirrors were used to concentrate the energy of the sun, and cause the fleets sails to burn. The Romans retreated and the Greeks were able to prevent the invasion. The Greeks used passive solar power. 100 A.D. a historical writer by the name of Pliny the Younger, built a house in the northern part of Italy that had mica windows in one room. This one particular room demonstrated solar heating in that its mica windows stored heat, and later gave it off. This room was useful because the added heat it generated lessened the amount of wood that had to be burnt, to maintain heat. Roman bath houses had famous south facing windows that heated the rooms. Native Americans also built houses that used passive solar power. Houses were built into the side of cliffs or hills to allow storage of heat during the day, and a release of heat at night. In 1767, the worlds first solar collector was built by Swiss scientist Horace de Saussare. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy designs The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds work, when the famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, the principle on which photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect. Solar cells of practical use have been available since the mid 1950s when ATT Labs first developed 6% efficient silicon solar cells. By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased commercial solar cell efficiencies to as much as 14% and today, researchers have developed cells with more than 20% efficiencies. 20% efficient means that out of the total energy that hits the surface of a solar cell; about 20% is converted into usable electricity. The first long-term practical application of PV cells was in satellite systems. In 1958 the Vanguard I, was launched into space. It was the first orbiting vehicle to be powered by solar energy. Photovoltaic silicon solar cells provided the electrical power to the satellite until 1964 when the system was shut down. The solar power system was so successful that PVs have been a part of world-wide satellite space programs ever since. The sun provides endless nonpolluting energy to the satellite power systems and demand for solar cells has risen as a result of the telecommunications revolution and need for satellites. The energy crisis and oil embargos of the 1970s made many nations aware of their dependency on controlled non-renewable energy sources and this fueled exploration of alternative energy sources. This included further research into renewable sources such as solar power, wind power and geothermal power. An economic breakthrough occurred in the 1970s when Dr. Elliot Berman was able to design a less expensive solar cell bringing the price down from $100 per watt to $20 per watt. This huge cost savings opened up a large number of applications that were not considered before because of high costs. These applications included railroads, lighthouses, off-shore oil rigs, buoys, and remote homes. For some countries and many applications, solar energy is now considered a primary energy source, not an alternative. Solar energy Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. In my report, I would only be looking into a few of the above mentioned solar power harnessing techniques, due to the fact that there is a limitation towards, how much material I can present in my dissertation. Solar cell A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics e.g. current, voltage, or resistance vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source. Passive solar or active solar Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere .Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earths land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earths surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14  °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. Yearly Solar fluxes Human Energy Consumption Solar 3,850,000 Wind 2,250 EJ Biomass 3,000 EJ Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. How solar power works Light (photons) striking certain compounds, in particular metals, causes the surface of the material to emit electrons. Light striking other compounds causes the material to accept electrons. It is the combination of these two compounds that can be made use of to cause electrons to flow through a conductor, and thereby create electricity. This phenomenon is called the photo-electric effect. Photovoltaic means sunlight converted into a flow of electrons (electricity). . Passive solar heating In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesnt involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or retrofitted. http://www.iklimnet.com/save/eco_images/five_elements_passive.gif Passive energy gain Passive solar technologies use sunlight without active mechanical systems (as contrasted to active solar). Such technologies convert sunlight into usable heat (water, air, and thermal mass), cause air-movement for ventilating, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. A common example is a solarium on the equator-side of a building. Passive cooling is the use of the same design principles to reduce summer cooling requirements. Some passive systems use a small amount of conventional energy to control dampers, shutters, night insulation, and other devices that enhance solar energy collection, storage, and use, and reduce undesirable heat transfer. Passive solar technologies include direct and indirect solar gain for space heating, solar water heating systems based on the thermo siphon or geyser pump, use of thermal mass and phase-change materials for slowing indoor air temperature swings, solar cookers, the solar chimney for enhancing natural ventilation, and earth sheltering. More widely, passive solar technologies include the solar furnace and solar forge, but these typically require some external energy for aligning their concentrating mirrors or receivers, and historically have not proven to be practical or cost effective for widespread use. Low-grade energy needs, such as space and water heating, have proven, over time, to be better applications for passive use of solar energy. Pragmatic approach to a productive passive solar energy Many detached suburban houses can achieve reductions in heating expense without obvious changes to their appearance, comfort or usability. This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. Sunrays may fall on a wall during the daytime and raise the temperature of its thermal mass. This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening. This can be a problem in the summer, especially on western walls in areas with high degree day cooling requirements. External shading, or a radiant barrier plus air gap, may be used to reduce undesirable summer solar gain. Active solar heating systems Active solar technologies are employed to convert solar energy into another more useful form of energy. This would normally be a conversion to heat or electrical energy. Inside a building this energy would be used for heating, cooling, or off-setting other energy use or costs. Active solar uses electrical or mechanical equipment for this conversion. Solar energy collection and utilization systems that do not use external energy, such as a solar chimney, are classified as passive solar technologies. Passive solar relies on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the system or materials to operate. They do not need external energy sources. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLaBC_5My_T5Y8Pj-hUI4_k4Xs3WsFLXQChm__zOfVBeJn4iBJPVVeVZqY04AKnSDnfm5whX5rw0pRjS757FYTKglQvkRTROBQuAmUBPaYsg3anOV6xsTeoD8q8sOBCzp6ElIU0rcgtLM/s1600/active-solar-heating.jpg Solar hot water systems, except those based on the thermo siphon, use pumps or fans to circulate fluid (often a mixture of water and glycol to prevent freezing during winter periods) or air, through solar collectors, and are therefore classified under active solar technology. The basic benefit of active systems is that controls (usually electrical) can be used to maximize their effectiveness. For example a passive solar thermal array which does not rely on pumps and sensors will only start circulating when a certain amount of internal energy has built up in the system. Using sensors and pumps, a relatively small amount of energy (i.e. that used to power a pump and controller) can harvest a far larger amount of available thermal energy by switching on as soon as a useful temperature differential becomes present. Controls also allow a greater variety of choices for utilizing the energy that becomes available. For example a solar thermal array could heat a swimming pool on a relatively cool morning where heating a domestic hot water cylinder was impractical due to the different stored water temperatures. Later in the day as the temperature rises the controls could be used to switch the solar heated water over to the cylinder instead. The downside to Active Solar systems is that the external power sources can fail (probably rendering them useless), and the controls need maintenance. How to buy solar panels solar water heating Shower Solar water heating can meet about a third of your hot water needs, research conducted by a UK research magazine. A solar water heating system (also known as solar thermal system) uses panels fitted to your roof to heat water for use around the home. A typical solar hot water system is able to meet around a third of a households hot water needs a saving of  £55 to  £80 on your annual water-heating bills, based on a three-bedroom semi-detached house. Householders installing solar water heating systems can get  £300 through the governments Renewable Heat Incentive Premium Payment scheme. Choosing a solar water heating system When choosing a solar water heating system, youll need to consider four major factors: your average hot water use the area of south-facing roof available your existing water heating system your budget. Youll need roughly one square meter of collector area per person in the household. Each metre of panel area will need between 30 and 60 litres of water tank volume. If you use a less efficient collector (such as flat-plate solar water heating panels), youll need to cover a larger area than if you use a more efficient collector (such as evacuated tubes). Youll also need to select system components (such as a hot water cylinder, controls and pipe work) and choose the location for your solar panels, considering shade, pipe runs, roof pitch and future access. Solar water heating installation There are plenty of solar panel installers out there, so I recommend that you always collect a range of quotes to compare. Cost effectiveness of solar water heating systems In my opinion developing common industry standards and offering public incentives is important. He emphasizes that creating public awareness programs is the key to having success in this industry, including a cleaner environment and more jobs as a consequence. It is clear that installing the application is easy for households since the technology is less complicated and cheaper than PV. According to The Solar Guide, the payback period for an investment in a solar water heating system is 3 to 5 years, although it may vary a lot in different countries due to national standards and differences in manufacturing quality. The return of investment depends on the system and the current fuel source that is being used to heat the water. It makes more sense to install a combi-system (hot water+space heating) whereby a 12-20 sq-m would completely cover a households water heating demand and a substantial part of its space heating demand in spring and in autumn. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg/220px-SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg Solar trackers may be driven by active or passive solar technology Most solar collectors are fixed in their array position mounting, but can have a higher performance if they track the path of the sun through the sky (however it is unusual for thermal collectors to be mounted in this way). Solar trackers, used to orient solar arrays may be driven by either passive or active technology, and can have a significant gain in energy yield over the course of a year when compared to a fixed array. Again passive solar tracking would rely on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the materials used in the system rather than an external power source to generate its tracking movement. Active Solar Tracking would utilize sensors and motors track the path of the sun across the sky. This action can be caused by geographical and time data being programmed into the controls. However, some systems actually track the brightest point in the sky using light sensors, and manufacturers claim this can add a significant extra yield over and above geographical tracking. How does Solar Thermal work? The basic mechanism of solar thermal energy is to collect the solar radiation and transfer the heat directly or indirectly to its final destination via a heat transfer medium usually a fluid. The most commonly used applications are Domestic Hot water (DHW), Combined DHW and Space Heating, District Heating, Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning. High Temperature Solar Thermal Electricity Generation is also among solar thermal applications. (e.g. solar tower and parabolic through applications). The key component of the solar thermal systems is the collectors which can be divided into two groups: Unglazed collectors have been used in the industry for a long time, mainly for heating open-air swimming pools. There is no heat exchanger in the system, and the water is flowing directly through long thin tubes. It is cheap and easy to install. Due to the simplicity of unglazed collectors, they cannot fulfill the needs for delivering full-time energy. Unglazed collectors are mainly used in the USA and in Australia. Glazed collectors are much more efficient in supplying continuous heating and achieving higher temperatures than unglazed ones. Glazed collectors are usually rectangular boxes covered by glass, containing little pipes and tubes and a heat absorbing material inside. There are different types of collectors for different means of use. Glazed collectors are commonly used in China, Europe and the Middle East. Solar thermal collector A solar thermal collector is a solar collector designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. The term is applied to solar hot water panels, but may also be used to denote more complex installations such as solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or simpler installations such as solar air heat. The more complex collectors are generally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to produce steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental space heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a device for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more usable or storable form. The energy in sunlight is in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the infrared (long) to the ultraviolet (short) wavelengths. The solar energy striking the Earths surface depends on weather conditions, as well as location and orientation of the surface, b ut overall, it averages about 1,000 watts per square meter under clear skies with the surface directly perpendicular to the suns rays. A solar collector works to convert and concentrate solar energy into a more usable form. For example, a thermal collector may use a parabolic array of mirrors to focus, direct, and reflect the light of the sun to a smaller point where the heat can be used to drive some sort of turbine engine by heating the driving fluid. Another type of collector may use a flat panel array of solar photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Some metals exhibit a photoelectric property whereby when the metal is exposed to light, it causes electrons to be emitted. These metals may be arranged in a valence-covalence band configuration which generates the actual voltage within the array. Types of solar collectors for heat Solar collectors fall into two general categories: non-concentrating and concentrating. In the non-concentrating type, the collector area (i.e., the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation). In these types the whole solar panel absorbs the light. Flat-plate and evacuated-tube solar collectors are used to collect heat for space heating, domestic hot water or cooling with an absorption chiller. Types of solar collectors for electricity generation Parabolic troughs, dishes and towers described in this section are used almost exclusively in solar power generating stations or for research purposes. Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from the theoretical maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic trough concentration is about 1/3 of the theoretical maximum for the same acceptance angle, that is, for the same overall tolerances for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using more elaborate concentrators based on non-imaging optics. Parabolic trough http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Parabolic_trough.svg/250px-Parabolic_trough.svg.png Parabolic torough This type of collector is generally used in solar power plants. A trough-shaped parabolic reflector is used to concentrate sunlight on an insulated tube (Dewar tube) or heat pipe, placed at the focal point, containing coolant which transfers heat from the collectors to the boilers in the power station. Parabolic dish http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Parabolic-dish.jpg/220px-Parabolic-dish.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png Solar Parabolic dish It is the most powerful type of collector. One or more parabolic dishes concentrate solar energy at a single focal point, -similar to a reflecting telescope which focuses starlight, or to a dish antenna used to focus radio waves. This geometry may be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants. There are two key phenomena to understand in order to comprehend the design of a parabolic dish. One is that the shape of a parabola is defined such that incoming rays which are parallel to the dishs axis will be reflected toward the focus, no matter where on the dish they arrive. The second key is that the light rays from the sun arriving at the Earths surface are almost completely parallel. So if the dish can be aligned with its axis pointing at the sun, almost all of the incoming radiation will be reflected towards the focal point of the dish-most losses are due to imperfections in the parabolic shape and imperfect reflection. Losses due to atmosphere between the dish and its focal point are minimal, as the dish is generally designed specifically to be small enough that this factor is insignificant on a clear, sunny day. Compare this though with some other designs, and you will see that this could be an important factor, and if the local weather is hazy, or foggy, it may reduce the efficiency of a parabolic dish significantly. In dish-stirling power plant designs, a Stirling engine coupled to a dynamo is placed at the focus of the dish, which absorbs the heat of the incident solar radiation, and converts it into electricity. (Solar) Power tower A power tower is a large tower surrounded by tracking mirrors called heliostats. These mirrors align themselves and focus sunlight on the receiver at the top of tower, collected heat is transferred to a power station below. Advantages Very high temperatures reached. High temperatures are suitable for electricity generation using conventional methods like steam turbine or some direct high temperature chemical reaction. Good efficiency. By concentrating sunlight current systems can get better efficiency than simple solar cells. A larger area can be covered by using relatively inexpensive mirrors rather than using expensive. Concentrated light can be redirected to a suitable location via. For example illuminating buildings. Heat storage for power production during cloudy and overnight conditions can be accomplished, often by underground tank storage of heated fluids. Molten salts have been used to good effect. Disadvantages Concentrating systems require sun tracking to maintain Sunlight focus at the collector. Inability to provide power in diffused light conditions. Solar Cells are able to provide some output even if the sky becomes a little bit cloudy, but power output from concentrating systems drop drastically in cloudy conditions as diffused light cannot be concentrated passively. Solar panel A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Theory and construction Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to